{"id":123758,"date":"2025-12-05T09:15:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T09:15:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/?p=123758"},"modified":"2026-04-13T16:16:15","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T14:16:15","slug":"bocca-del-pluviometro-wmo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/it\/bocca-del-pluviometro-wmo\/","title":{"rendered":"Perch\u00e9 la dimensione della bocca del pluviometro \u00e8 cruciale"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"123758\" class=\"elementor elementor-123758\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9324e58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9324e58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc85cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc85cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perch\u00e9 la dimensione della bocca del pluviometro \u00e8 cruciale: indicazioni WMO e rischi delle aperture sovradimensionate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad71b98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad71b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1180\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/WMO-ITA-int.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-123760\" alt=\"Perch\u00e9 la dimensione della bocca del pluviometro \u00e8 cruciale: indicazioni WMO e rischi delle aperture sovradimensionate\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/WMO-ITA-int.webp 1180w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/WMO-ITA-int-300x125.webp 300w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/WMO-ITA-int-1024x425.webp 1024w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/WMO-ITA-int-768x319.webp 768w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/WMO-ITA-int-1000x415.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c4d25 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"28c4d25\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c18cdb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c18cdb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduzione\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7d141 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db7d141\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La guida \u201cGuide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)\u201d del WMO contiene importanti raccomandazioni per la misurazione delle precipitazioni, compresa la dimensione dell\u2019orifizio di raccolta (la \u201cbocca\u201d) dei pluviometri.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3fd6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb3fd6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caratteristiche richieste per il pluviometro secondo la Guida WMO No. 8<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a48ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a48ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Strumento e principio di misura<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf6aeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"caf6aeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il pluviometro \u00e8 tipicamente un recipiente aperto, con pareti verticali, che raccoglie la precipitazione in entrata.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La misurazione \u00e8 espressa come l\u2019altezza verticale dell\u2019acqua (o equivalente in caso di solido) sul piano orizzontale della superficie terrestre.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il recipiente pu\u00f2 essere semplice (vaso cilindrico) oppure dotato di imbuto. \u00c8 fondamentale che l\u2019apertura abbia dimensioni note e mantenute costanti.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d516eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d516eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Esposizione e posizionamento<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6a44c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d6a44c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il pluviometro deve essere posizionato in modo tale che la raccolta sia quanto pi\u00f9 rappresentativa possibile della precipitazione che raggiunge il suolo nel suo intorno. L\u2019esposizione al vento, la sua inclinazione e gli ostacoli devono essere attentamente considerati.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le dimensioni, la forma, la posizione (altezza dal suolo) dell\u2019apertura devono essere documentate. <\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56881f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a56881f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Bocca del recipiente\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044afcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"044afcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La Guida sottolinea che \u00abvarious sizes and shapes of orifice and gauge height are used in different countries, so the measurements are not strictly comparable\u00bb.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In un riferimento si afferma che \u00ab its area should be 200 cm\u00b2 or more, and types with an orifice area of 200 to 500 cm\u00b2 are widely used\u00bb.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Da ci\u00f2 si deduce che l\u2019apertura raccomandata \u00e8 almeno 200 cm\u00b2, con valori tipici nella gamma 200-500 cm\u00b2.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c75e3a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c75e3a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Altre caratteristiche tecniche e operative\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9eed2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9eed2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il recipiente deve essere livellato, con il bordo superiore orizzontale.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le pareti verticali devono evitare turbolenze o eccessivo schizzamento.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deve essere effettuata manutenzione, calibrazione e documentazione delle condizioni dello strumento.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vanno considerati errori legati al vento, evaporazione, overflow, ecc. <\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea1951f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea1951f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caratteristiche raccomandate della bocca e della raccolta\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ffec29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ffec29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secondo la guida WMO-No.8:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il pluviometro deve avere un\u2019apertura (\u201corifice\u201d) ben definita e costante, per consentire la conversione del volume raccolto in altezza d\u2019acqua sul piano orizzontale del suolo.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c8 richiesta buona esposizione, assenza di inclinazione, pareti verticali e livello orizzontale per il bordo dell\u2019apertura.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le dimensioni, forma e condizioni dell\u2019apertura influenzano notevolmente la raccolta effettiva, in particolare per fenomeni come vento, pioggia intensa o precipitazioni solide.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Va ricordato che la Guida non specifica una \u201carea massima assoluta\u201d universalmente valida, ma raccomanda l\u2019adozione di misure standardizzate per garantire comparabilit\u00e0 e accuratezza. Tuttavia, l\u2019esperienza operativa e comparativa ha mostrato come aperture troppo grandi possano generare effetti sistematici.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049107c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049107c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perch\u00e9 una bocca troppo ampia pu\u00f2 generare errori sistematici\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-349d174 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"349d174\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quando la bocca del pluviometro \u00e8 significativamente pi\u00f9 ampia della raccomandazione (es. 1000 cm\u00b2), possono verificarsi vari tipi di errori sistematici, tra cui:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3abd5f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3abd5f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Turbolenza e deflessione della traiettoria delle gocce\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61e0e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61e0e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un\u2019apertura ampia modifica l\u2019effetto aerodinamico attorno al bordo e sopra la bocca del pluviometro. Il flusso d\u2019aria sopra l\u2019apertura accelera o si deforma, cambiando la traiettoria delle gocce e riducendo la raccolta. Le pareti laterali potrebbero non essere sufficientemente alte o \u201caffilate\u201d rispetto all\u2019area dell\u2019apertura, consentendo alle gocce di deviare. In caso di pioggia mista o neve, l\u2019effetto del vento \u00e8 inoltre amplificato: le particelle pi\u00f9 leggere o con traiettorie alterate rischiano di non essere raccolte.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ecd6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76ecd6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Maggiore influenza del vento \/ effetto \u201cwind-induced undercatch\u201d\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f3c9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93f3c9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le aperture grandi possono peggiorare l\u2019effetto del vento che \u201csposta\u201d le gocce lontano dall\u2019apertura. La velocit\u00e0 del vento, la dimensione delle gocce, la forma della bocca e la geometria del recipiente sono fra i principali fattori che riducono la raccolta effettiva.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d5d333 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d5d333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. In- and out-splash e perdita per spruzzi \n\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6f8f24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6f8f24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un\u2019apertura ampia consente di raccogliere un maggior numero di gocce, ma anche un maggior numero di spruzzi e rimbalzi. Le gocce che cadono vicino al bordo possono generare rimbalzi verso l\u2019esterno (splash-out) oppure possono esserci entrate laterali (splash-in) che alterano la misurazione.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-068e434 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"068e434\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Wetting loss (perdita per bagnatura delle pareti) ed evaporazione accentuata\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfa1aaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfa1aaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Con una bocca molto ampia, la superficie interna delle pareti laterali (o imbuto) \u00e8 maggiore e la quantit\u00e0 d\u2019acqua che aderisce alle pareti (wetting) \u00e8 potenzialmente pi\u00f9 elevata in numero assoluto. Inoltre, l\u2019acqua raccolta all\u2019interno ha pi\u00f9 superficie di contatto, favorendo evaporazione o drenaggio laterale. Questo fenomeno succede soprattutto nei luoghi e nei periodi con scarse precipitazioni, quando i residui di quantit\u00e0 di pioggia che possono evaporare e quindi non essere contati, sono pi\u00f9 elevati a causa dell\u2019area maggiore.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c5f818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c5f818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Sovraccarico e overflow \/ errori in condizioni di intense precipitazioni\n\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32692aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32692aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un\u2019apertura molto ampia pu\u00f2 raccogliere molto rapidamente grandi volumi d\u2019acqua in eventi intensi. Se lo strumento non \u00e8 progettato per queste condizioni, possono verificarsi overflow o misurazioni errate.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019acqua pu\u00f2 traboccare prima che la misurazione sia registrata correttamente portando a una sottostima. Le strutture di uscita (imbuto, tubo, valvola) possono non scaricare in maniera sufficientemente veloce portando a un accumulo non lineare.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbbe43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5dbbe43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. Problemi legati alla pulizia del filtro dello scarico del pluviometro\n\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c8e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68c8e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La pioggia, che viene raccolta dalla bocca del pluviometro, \u00e8 convogliata dall\u2019imbuto verso lo scarico e poi verso la bascula, attraversando un filtro. Questo filtro ha la funzione di fermare le foglie, la polvere o altre impurit\u00e0 che potrebbero alterare la misura della bascula. Una area di raccolta maggiore, ne raccoglie una quantit\u00e0 maggiore con maggiori rischi di intasamento del filtro.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22fd541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"22fd541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">7. Problemi di rappresentativit\u00e0 e comparabilit\u00e0\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7886286 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7886286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una bocca molto ampia pu\u00f2 alterare la rappresentativit\u00e0 della misura rispetto ad altri strumenti standardizzati. Questo significa che: le misure non sono comparabili con quelle di stazioni che usano aperture standard pi\u00f9 piccole; nelle reti di monitoraggio, si introduce un bias sistematico che complica il confronto storico delle precipitazioni; le serie storiche possono risultare non omogenee se un pluviometro con apertura non conforme viene utilizzato insieme ad altri conformi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad202f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad202f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esempio pratico: area di 1000 cm\u00b2 \n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae0688 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae0688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prendendo come esempio una bocca con area di 1000 cm\u00b2 (diametro di ~35,7 cm), si possono evidenziare le seguenti implicazioni:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019area \u00e8 molto superiore alla gamma di alcune centinaia di cm\u00b2 raccomandata.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In condizioni di vento moderato, la deviazione delle gocce dall\u2019apertura pu\u00f2 essere pi\u00f9 grave rispetto a un\u2019apertura pi\u00f9 piccola.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il numero assoluto di gocce che cadono vicino al bordo \u00e8 maggiore; quindi, la percentuale di perdita per splash-out o deflessione pu\u00f2 aumentare.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Se la struttura non \u00e8 progettata per scaricare grandi volumi rapidamente, l\u2019overflow pu\u00f2 diventare un problema concreto.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le perdite per bagnatura ed evaporazione possono diventare pi\u00f9 rilevanti rispetto alla pioggia raccolta, peggiorando l\u2019errore sistematico.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Se una rete di stazioni utilizza strumenti con apertura standard (es. 200\u2013500 cm\u00b2) e una stazione usa 1000 cm\u00b2, i dati della stazione \u201canomale\u201d risulteranno probabilmente inferiori o non confrontabili (dipendendo da vento, intensit\u00e0, tipo precipitazione) rispetto alle altre.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e710b3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e710b3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raccomandazioni operative\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8cb61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8cb61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alla luce di quanto sopra, per assicurare buona qualit\u00e0 della misura delle precipitazioni si suggerisce di:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utilizzare una bocca di area conforme (idealmente entro la gamma suggerita dalla guida WMO e dalle pratiche normative) e documentare sempre area, forma, altezza dal suolo ed esposizione.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Verificare che l\u2019esposizione dello strumento sia libera, livellata, lontana da ostacoli e con schermatura al vento se necessaria.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controllare che il sistema di raccolta scarichi correttamente e non sia soggetto a overflow.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effettuare manutenzione regolare: pulizia dell\u2019apertura, controllo di eventuali deformazioni o danni.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Documentare le condizioni e segnare eventuali differenze rispetto a strumentazione standard per garantire la trasparenza della serie storica.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3713edb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3713edb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusione<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-429d0bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"429d0bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Una bocca troppo ampia nel pluviometro \u2013 ad esempio un\u2019apertura da 1000 cm\u00b2 \u2013 rappresenta non solo una deviazione dalla raccomandazione del WMO, ma un serio rischio di errori sistematici nella misura della precipitazione. Tali errori includono: sottocaptazione per vento, splash-out, evaporazione e bagnatura maggiori, overflow, problemi di rappresentativit\u00e0 e comparabilit\u00e0.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per una misurazione precisa, affidabile e comparabile delle precipitazioni, \u00e8 quindi fondamentale rispettare le dimensioni, la forma, l\u2019esposizione e la manutenzione raccomandate dalla guida WMO-No.8, e trattare con cautela strumenti che si discostano significativamente da queste specifiche.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bf0b94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3bf0b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-323cc06 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"323cc06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scarica l'articolo:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21fc305 elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"21fc305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Why-the-Size-of-a-Rain-Gauge-Orifice-Is-Crucial_-WMO-Guidance-and-Risks-of-Oversized-Openings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Why the Size of a Rain Gauge Orifice Is Crucial: WMO Guidance and Risks<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7302d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d7302d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ed4107 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ed4107\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8698c2b elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8698c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5cb9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"4d5cb9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-8110\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-8110\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Perch\u00e9 la dimensione della bocca del pluviometro \u00e8 cos\u00ec importante? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-8110\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f4786 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12f4786\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e1fd8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e1fd8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perch\u00e9 l\u2019apertura del pluviometro influisce direttamente sulla qualit\u00e0 della raccolta e quindi sulla misura finale della precipitazione. La guida WMO No. 8 richiede che la bocca sia ben definita, costante e correttamente esposta, perch\u00e9 dimensioni, forma e condizioni dell\u2019apertura incidono su accuratezza e comparabilit\u00e0 dei dati.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-8111\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-8111\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Una bocca pi\u00f9 grande misura sempre meglio la pioggia? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-8111\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a198e1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a198e1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf70531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf70531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No, aperture molto ampie possono introdurre errori sistematici dovuti a turbolenze, undercatch da vento, splash-in\/splash-out, maggiore wetting e problemi di rappresentativit\u00e0 rispetto agli strumenti standardizzati. In pratica, una bocca sovradimensionata non garantisce una misura migliore, ma pu\u00f2 renderla meno affidabile e meno confrontabile con altre serie storiche.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-8112\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-8112\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Quali dimensioni raccomanda la WMO per la bocca del pluviometro? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-8112\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c3b48b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c3b48b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5919bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5919bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La guida WMO No. 8 indica che l\u2019area dell\u2019orifizio dovrebbe essere almeno di 200 cm\u00b2 e che sono ampiamente usati strumenti con aperture comprese tra 200 e 500 cm\u00b2. Questo non significa che esista un unico valore valido in assoluto, ma che la standardizzazione della bocca \u00e8 essenziale per ottenere misure comparabili e tecnicamente solide. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-8113\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-8113\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> In che modo i pluviometri LSI LASTEM aiutano a ottenere misure affidabili? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-8113\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9496865 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9496865\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da8d29f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da8d29f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I pluviometri LSI LASTEM sono progettati secondo le prescrizioni WMO e offrono accuratezza sull\u2019intensit\u00e0 in Class A secondo UNI 11452:2012. Inoltre la gamma include modelli con sifone per regolare la portata sulla bascula in caso di precipitazioni intense, una soluzione utile quando si vuole privilegiare l\u2019affidabilit\u00e0 del totale di pioggia su lunghi periodi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-8114\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-8114\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Quali vantaggi offre la gamma LSI LASTEM per applicazioni meteorologiche? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-8114\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a71886 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a71886\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aca091 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aca091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La gamma LSI LASTEM \u00e8 pensata per adattarsi a esigenze diverse, versione in Classe A, versioni riscaldate e possibilit\u00e0 di integrazione con uscite impulsive, 4-20 mA o Modbus tramite unit\u00e0 esterne. Questo permette di scegliere la configurazione pi\u00f9 adatta al contesto applicativo mantenendo attenzione a robustezza, conformit\u00e0 e qualit\u00e0 del dato misurato.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Perch\\u00e9 la dimensione della bocca del pluviometro \\u00e8 cos\\u00ec importante?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Perch\\u00e9 l\\u2019apertura del pluviometro influisce direttamente sulla qualit\\u00e0 della raccolta e quindi sulla misura finale della precipitazione. La guida WMO No. 8 richiede che la bocca sia ben definita, costante e correttamente esposta, perch\\u00e9 dimensioni, forma e condizioni dell\\u2019apertura incidono su accuratezza e comparabilit\\u00e0 dei dati.\\u00a0\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Una bocca pi\\u00f9 grande misura sempre meglio la pioggia?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No, aperture molto ampie possono introdurre errori sistematici dovuti a turbolenze, undercatch da vento, splash-in\\\/splash-out, maggiore wetting e problemi di rappresentativit\\u00e0 rispetto agli strumenti standardizzati. In pratica, una bocca sovradimensionata non garantisce una misura migliore, ma pu\\u00f2 renderla meno affidabile e meno confrontabile con altre serie storiche.\\u00a0\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quali dimensioni raccomanda la WMO per la bocca del pluviometro?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"La guida WMO No. 8 indica che l\\u2019area dell\\u2019orifizio dovrebbe essere almeno di 200 cm\\u00b2 e che sono ampiamente usati strumenti con aperture comprese tra 200 e 500 cm\\u00b2. Questo non significa che esista un unico valore valido in assoluto, ma che la standardizzazione della bocca \\u00e8 essenziale per ottenere misure comparabili e tecnicamente solide.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"In che modo i pluviometri LSI LASTEM aiutano a ottenere misure affidabili?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"I pluviometri LSI LASTEM sono progettati secondo le prescrizioni WMO e offrono accuratezza sull\\u2019intensit\\u00e0 in Class A secondo UNI 11452:2012. Inoltre la gamma include modelli con sifone per regolare la portata sulla bascula in caso di precipitazioni intense, una soluzione utile quando si vuole privilegiare l\\u2019affidabilit\\u00e0 del totale di pioggia su lunghi periodi.\\u00a0\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quali vantaggi offre la gamma LSI LASTEM per applicazioni meteorologiche?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"La gamma LSI LASTEM \\u00e8 pensata per adattarsi a esigenze diverse, versione in Classe A, versioni riscaldate e possibilit\\u00e0 di integrazione con uscite impulsive, 4-20 mA o Modbus tramite unit\\u00e0 esterne. Questo permette di scegliere la configurazione pi\\u00f9 adatta al contesto applicativo mantenendo attenzione a robustezza, conformit\\u00e0 e qualit\\u00e0 del dato misurato.\\u00a0\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba8627 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0ba8627\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c265ae7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c265ae7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af93d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7af93d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contattaci per maggiori informazioni<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f15d5c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpforms\" data-id=\"5f15d5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wpforms.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style id=\"wpforms-css-vars-elementor-widget-5f15d5c\">\n\t\t\t\t.elementor-widget-wpforms.elementor-element-5f15d5c {\n\t\t\t\t--wpforms-field-border-radius: 20px;\n--wpforms-label-color: #2C3338;\n--wpforms-button-border-radius: 20px;\n--wpforms-button-background-color: #E5231A;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t<\/style><div class=\"wpforms-container wpforms-container-full wpforms-render-modern\" id=\"wpforms-112939\"><form 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