{"id":125742,"date":"2026-02-17T12:34:07","date_gmt":"2026-02-17T11:34:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/?p=125742"},"modified":"2026-04-13T16:09:49","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T14:09:49","slug":"how-to-assess-heat-stress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/es\/how-to-assess-heat-stress\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Air Temperature Alone Isn\u2019t Enough to Assess Heat Stress"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"125742\" class=\"elementor elementor-125742\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9324e58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9324e58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc85cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc85cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why Air Temperature Alone Isn\u2019t Enough to Assess Heat Stress\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad71b98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad71b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1180\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heat-Stress-beyond-Air-Temperature-ENG-int._11zon.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-125745\" alt=\"Why Air Temperature Alone Isn\u2019t Enough to Assess Heat Stress\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heat-Stress-beyond-Air-Temperature-ENG-int._11zon.webp 1180w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heat-Stress-beyond-Air-Temperature-ENG-int._11zon-300x125.webp 300w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heat-Stress-beyond-Air-Temperature-ENG-int._11zon-1024x425.webp 1024w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heat-Stress-beyond-Air-Temperature-ENG-int._11zon-768x319.webp 768w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Heat-Stress-beyond-Air-Temperature-ENG-int._11zon-1000x415.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c4d25 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"28c4d25\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7d141 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db7d141\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During summer, it\u2019s increasingly common to hear about days that are \u201ctoo hot to work\u201d\u2014especially for people working outdoors. In these situations, attention often focuses on thresholds and limits based on exceeding certain air temperature values.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, it\u2019s important to clarify a key concept: air temperature alone does not fully describe the level of thermal discomfort or risk for a person.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comfort (and in critical cases, heat stress) depends on the thermal balance between the human body and the surrounding environment, which is influenced by many variables beyond simple Degrees. For this reason, instead of reasoning only in terms of air temperature, it is more accurate to evaluate heat stress using microclimatic indices, based on the heat balance between the human body and the environment.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indices such as Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT \u2013 ISO 7243), Predicted Heat Strain (PHS \u2013 ISO 7933), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), Predicted Mean Vote\/Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PMV\/PPD \u2013 ISO 7730), and Required Clothing Insulation (IREQ \u2013 ISO 11079) provide a more realistic estimate of how people are exposed to their surrounding environment, because they consider both the body\u2019s thermo-physiological response and the overall climatic conditions during the activity.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0528d51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0528d51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why Temperature \u201cDoesn\u2019t Tell the Whole Story\u201d and Why Microclimatic Indices Are Necessary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7a173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b7a173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two days with the same air temperature can feel completely different:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32\u00b0C with high humidity \u2192 sweat evaporates poorly \u2192 the body cools down less effectively \u2192 heat stress increases.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32\u00b0C with dry air and wind \u2192 evaporation is more effective \u2192 heat dissipation improves \u2192 lower risk.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, working in direct sunlight or in the shade drastically changes the situation: solar radiation can significantly increase both perceived and actual heat load.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e141fda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e141fda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A More Accurate Physical and Physiological Representation\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f779888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f779888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air temperature is an important environmental variable\u2014but it is only part of the picture. Heat-balance-based indices describe the energy exchange between the human body and the environment, taking into account:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air temperature<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relative humidity (sweat evaporation)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air speed (convection and ventilation)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mean radiant temperature (sun exposure and hot surfaces)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">individual metabolism (work intensity)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">clothing insulation<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The advantage is clear: assessment becomes more realistic, reflecting how the body can (or cannot) dissipate heat under real operating conditions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e403dd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e403dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Better Prediction of Health Risk\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5204446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5204446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By combining environmental and personal variables, these indices make it possible to estimate critical aspects such as:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">increase in core body temperature<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dehydration<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cardiovascular strain<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">risk of heat stroke (or, in winter\/cold environments, hypothermia)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This information is essential because it allows us to move from \u201cit\u2019s hot\u201d to \u201cthis situation may become dangerous.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f8c19b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f8c19b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Operational Use in Safety and Regulatory Contexts\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-068f7b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"068f7b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many professional settings require structured and practical approaches, for example:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">occupational health and safety<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">indoor and outdoor environment design<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planning shifts, breaks, and workload<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">managing climate-related emergencies<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In these cases, relying only on air temperature may lead to underestimating critical scenarios or, conversely, overestimating situations that are less risky.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea026e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cea026e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A More Personalized Assessment\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-375c019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"375c019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microclimatic indices allow the evaluation to be adapted to the real context, considering:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">type of activity (sedentary, moderate, intense)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">clothing characteristics or PPE<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prolonged or intermittent exposure<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air temperature, on the other hand, provides a \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d indicator that does not capture relevant operational differences.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-310e4d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"310e4d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Better Representation of Climate Change Scenarios\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60269d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60269d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recent years, with:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">more frequent and persistent heatwaves<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">higher humidity and the \u201ctropicalization\u201d of temperate climates<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">intense solar radiation<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air temperature becomes an increasingly poor indicator of actual heat stress. For this reason, in many analyses focused on the impact of climate on health, work, and urban planning, the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is often considered particularly suitable, because it offers a more complete view of the combined effects of environmental variables.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acaaddd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"acaaddd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Real-World Examples: What Changes in Practice\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94cba92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94cba92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are typical situations where air temperature alone can be misleading:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1) Road construction site at midday<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air temperature may be \u201conly\u201d 30\u201332\u00b0C<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but direct sun exposure and hot asphalt increase mean radiant temperature<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actual heat stress can be significantly higher than what air temperature alone suggests.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2) Intense physical activity with PPE or technical clothing<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">workers wearing thick clothing, gloves, or protective gear dissipate heat more slowly<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">even with moderate temperatures, heat storage can rise quickly<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indices such as PHS (ISO 7933) are useful because they consider metabolism and clothing insulation, including the role of rest breaks for recovery.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3) Logistics or material handling in a semi-enclosed area<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air temperature may not be extremely high, but poor ventilation reduces heat dissipation<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">humidity may increase, making sweating less effective<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A microclimatic index may indicate heat stress even when temperature does not appear \u201cextreme.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4) Two summer days with the same temperature but different humidity<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32\u00b0C with high humidity: higher risk<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32\u00b0C with low humidity and wind: lower risk<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a classic example of why air temperature alone is not enough.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d208702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d208702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What to Monitor in Practice (Useful Parameters and Measurements)\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ce5864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ce5864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To correctly calculate heat stress indices and obtain a reliable assessment, it is helpful to monitor a set of microclimatic parameters beyond air temperature.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key environmental parameters:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air temperature (\u00b0C)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relative humidity (%)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air speed (m\/s)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mean radiant temperature (\u00b0C)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solar radiation (W\/m\u00b2)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These variables are the basis for describing the real environment a person is exposed to.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why radiation monitoring matters: in outdoor conditions, solar radiation can be one of the main drivers of heat stress. Two locations with the same air temperature can be very different if one is in the shade and the other is under direct sunlight.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work- and person-related parameters (when needed)<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">metabolism \/ work intensity (sedentary, moderate, intense)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">clothing insulation and PPE<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exposure duration and recovery opportunities (breaks, shade, hydration)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1482f31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1482f31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b771e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b771e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitoring heat stress through heat-balance-based indices enables a scientific, more realistic, prevention-oriented assessment.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air temperature remains an important parameter, but on its own it is insufficient and can be misleading when humidity, wind, solar radiation, physical workload, and clothing come into play.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To truly protect people\u2014especially in occupational and outdoor environments\u2014it is advisable to adopt an approach based on microclimatic indices.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bf0b94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3bf0b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-323cc06 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"323cc06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Download the article:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21fc305 elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"21fc305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Why-Air-Temperature-Alone-Isnt-Enough-to-Assess-Heat-Stress.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Why Air Temperature Alone Isn\u2019t Enough to Assess Heat Stress<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8060c76 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8060c76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d8d58c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d8d58c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e6647d elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e6647d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd4b068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"fd4b068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2650\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2650\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How is heat stress correctly assessed in the workplace? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2650\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c242d1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c242d1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1ce56d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1ce56d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To assess heat stress correctly, knowing the air temperature alone is not enough. Other microclimatic variables must also be considered, because these factors determine the actual thermal load on the worker. A reliable assessment therefore requires microclimatic indices based on data measured directly in the field.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2651\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2651\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Which parameters need to be measured to assess heat stress reliably? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2651\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-498a993 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"498a993\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccff4e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccff4e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A reliable heat stress assessment requires measuring several parameters: air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, radiant temperature and, in outdoor settings, the effect of solar radiation as well. Relying on a single variable can easily lead to underestimating or overestimating the risk. For this reason, multiparameter instrumental measurement is the most robust solution.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2652\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2652\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is WBGT one of the most widely used heat stress indices? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2652\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6955476 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6955476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61fd258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61fd258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WBGT is one of the most widely used indices because it combines the effects of temperature, humidity and radiant heat into a single value, providing a practical estimate of heat risk. It is especially useful for field assessments and occupational settings, where a fast yet technically reliable value is needed to support operational decisions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2653\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2653\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How does LSI LASTEM instrumentation improve the reliability of heat stress assessment? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2653\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-127dd05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"127dd05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d58c524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d58c524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LSI LASTEM instrumentation, such as the Heat Shield portable wireless system or the microclimatic station, directly measures the key variables needed to calculate WBGT or other microclimatic indices, including Tg, Tnw, Ta and RH, with the option to also integrate air velocity. This helps reduce errors caused by indirect estimates or oversimplified approaches and makes it possible to obtain more solid, repeatable data consistent with an accurate technical assessment.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2654\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2654\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why choose a portable wireless system for heat stress monitoring? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2654\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e561e44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e561e44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1980d47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1980d47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A portable wireless system is useful because it allows measurements to be taken directly near the workstation, where heat exposure must actually be verified. In the case of Heat Shield, the ability to measure at multiple points or different heights makes monitoring more representative of real conditions, improving data quality and the effectiveness of risk assessment.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is heat stress correctly assessed in the workplace?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"To assess heat stress correctly, knowing the air temperature alone is not enough. Other microclimatic variables must also be considered, because these factors determine the actual thermal load on the worker. 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