{"id":124000,"date":"2026-08-04T08:51:52","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T06:51:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/?p=124000"},"modified":"2026-08-04T08:52:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T06:52:21","slug":"digital-twin-microclimate-coolnus-beam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/es\/digital-twin-microclimate-coolnus-beam\/","title":{"rendered":"CoolNUS\u2013BEAM at the National University of Singapore"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"124000\" class=\"elementor elementor-124000\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9324e58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9324e58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc85cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc85cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CoolNUS\u2013BEAM at the National University of Singapore: a campus-scale microclimate digital twin powered by dense weather data<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad71b98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad71b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1180\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EN-Cool-NUS-progetto-Singapore-interna.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-124002\" alt=\"CoolNUS\u2013BEAM at the National University of Singapore: a campus-scale microclimate digital twin powered by dense weather data\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EN-Cool-NUS-progetto-Singapore-interna.webp 1180w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EN-Cool-NUS-progetto-Singapore-interna-300x125.webp 300w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EN-Cool-NUS-progetto-Singapore-interna-1024x425.webp 1024w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EN-Cool-NUS-progetto-Singapore-interna-768x319.webp 768w, https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EN-Cool-NUS-progetto-Singapore-interna-1000x415.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3d52df e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3d52df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a4da1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a4da1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CoolNUS\u2013BEAM is part of the National University of Singapore\u2019s Campus Sustainability Roadmap 2030 (<a href=\"https:\/\/sustainability.nus.edu.sg\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/sustainability.nus.edu.sg\/<\/a>), a university-wide initiative that sets out concrete actions to build a climate-responsive and resilient campus. Within this framework, the project sits under the \u201cDefend\u201d pillar, focused on protecting the NUS community against climate risks such as rising temperatures and the urban heat island effect (<a href=\"https:\/\/uci.nus.edu.sg\/campus-sustainability\/defend\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/uci.nus.edu.sg\/campus-sustainability\/defend\/<\/a>).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Universities are increasingly becoming \u201cliving laboratories\u201d for climate resilience, and NUS is embracing this role through CoolNUS\u2013BEAM: a program designed to measure, understand, and mitigate campus heat at scale. BEAM\u2014Baselining, Evaluating, Action, Monitoring\u2014combines long-term environmental monitoring with a digital twin platform to support evidence-based decisions for a cooler, healthier campus.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As technology provider, LSI LASTEM through APAQ Group-ENVEA (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apaq-group.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.apaq-group.com\/<\/a>) contributed with the core sensing network that makes this living digital twin possible.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e41d21e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e41d21e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A partnership connecting research and campus operations\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7945c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b7945c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of CoolNUS\u2013BEAM\u2019s strongest assets is the direct collaboration between:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">College of Design and Engineering (CDE), Department of the Built Environment (BE)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">University Campus Infrastructure (UCI)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers design the measurement strategy and convert raw environmental signals into interpretable, decision-ready information, while UCI uses these insights to guide daily operations, management, and long-term investments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This structure ensures the project doesn\u2019t stay in Academia: it actively supports real operational choices, from landscape planning to building retrofits.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59f5beb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59f5beb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The LSI LASTEM sensing network: high-density monitoring across campus\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2b707e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2b707e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capturing microclimate in a complex tropical campus requires many measurement points, not just a few reference stations. BEAM therefore deployed one of Singapore\u2019s densest microclimate networks, enabling fine-grained spatial analyses and robust model validation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forty LSI LASTEM weather stations were deployed in the Campus area, 32 on the ground and 8 on buildings\u2019 roofs, each station includes an All-In-One sensor measuring:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air temperature<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relative humidity<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atmospheric pressure<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind speed<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind direction<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And a pyranometer to measure global solar radiation.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three of the eight rooftop stations are also equipped with a rain gauge for precipitation measurement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Installation was completed in early 2024, and the network has already delivered around two years of continuous data, establishing a strong baseline for microclimate trend assessment and pre\/post construction comparisons.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The network is completed with three meteorological towers of 15 m height, to capture vertical gradients deploying temperature and humidity sensors every 3 m.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This combination of horizontal density and vertical profiling is essential to understand how heat behaves across different campus morphologies.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c7d146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c7d146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From data to action: the open, evolving BEAM platform\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9bc312 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9bc312\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All monitoring streams converge into the BEAM open digital platform www.coolnus-beam.sg, where researchers and users can explore:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spatially interpolated microclimate maps<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time-series dashboards<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microclimatic zones<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scenario simulations, including pre- and post-construction comparisons<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results from interconnected research modules\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The platform is continuously evolving, both in functionality and in the datasets it hosts. Because it is accessible not only to internal stakeholders but also to researchers, PhD students, and potentially public administrations and other users, it acts as a shared microclimate knowledge base that supports additional research beyond the original scope of the project.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5e4db6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c5e4db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Climate zones: understanding that the campus is not one climate\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b716ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b716ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A key BEAM capability is the identification of multiple campus climate zones \u2014 areas with distinct thermal behaviors shaped by:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tree coverage\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building height and spacing<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pavement and surface materials<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exposure to wind corridors and solar load<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each zone is characterized with its own data patterns and mitigation priorities. This helps planners and operators understand how strongly microclimate varies from place to place, and why cooling strategies must be site-specific, not one-size-fits-all.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3df8754 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3df8754\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beyond fixed stations: \u201cThermal Walks\u201d for pedestrian-scale heat mapping\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abd5c79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abd5c79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among the projects visible on the BEAM platform, a standout is the Thermal Walks campaign. Over three months, researchers repeatedly walked key pedestrian routes using:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">360\u00b0 cameras<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Portable weather stations<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apple Watch with Cozie App.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This produced high-resolution maps of thermal conditions under different times of day and weather scenarios \u2014 directly reflecting what people experience while moving through the campus. The campaign was accompanied by questionnaires via Apple Watch to people using the public spaces, to assess the microclimatic comfort of the users. These datasets are fully consultable through the BEAM platform, enriching fixed-station observations with mobility-based microclimate evidence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644759e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"644759e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Connected research streams: trees, thermal cameras, and cool building envelopes\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e85e724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e85e724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CoolNUS\u2013BEAM is designed as an ecosystem rather than a single study, integrating additional workstreams such as:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thermal imaging to study surface temperature dynamics and hot-spot evolution;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Campus tree database supporting NUS\u2019s plan to plant 120,000 trees in 10 years, enabling quantification of greenery impact on microclimate;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cool paint and solar film pilots, with indoor\/outdoor contact temperature sensors on walls and glazing. After successful trials, seven buildings were repainted, confirming measurable benefits for indoor and outdoor thermal conditions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3905adf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3905adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A non-silo model: shared data, shared progress\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ff344b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ff344b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another major strength of this initiative is cultural as much as technical: the project does not work in silos.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead, it is structured to let multiple research teams, PhD students, and collaborators use each other\u2019s datasets through the same platform, accelerating discovery and avoiding duplicated measurement efforts. The open architecture means individual projects contribute to a larger whole, and the whole becomes more valuable to every project.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This collaborative logic only works because the environmental backbone is strong \u2014 and that returns to one key factor: the high spatial density of measurement points is what turns monitoring into a true campus digital twin.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbf2ed1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbf2ed1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What\u2019s next: Phase 2 and thermal comfort indices\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e5639f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e5639f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers have in mind a second phase that would expand sensing to human-comfort metrics, including microclimatic sensors such as black globe and wet bulb thermometers. These would enable the calculation of heat stress and comfort indices, turning raw climate data into direct indicators of how environments feel to people, and how they can be improved outdoors. They also have in mind the developing of an Urban Building Enegy Model (UBEM), a platform that integrates collected local microclimatic data with energy usage profile of NUS buildings.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a9b379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a9b379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d7858 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4d7858\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CoolNUS\u2013BEAM shows what climate adaptation looks like when technology, research, and operations move together under a unified sustainability roadmap. With 40 LSI LASTEM weather stations, three vertical profiling towers, and a growing open digital twin platform enriched by parallel projects, NUS can monitor and simulate campus microclimate with unprecedented detail. We are proud that our instrumentation supports a program that advances science, empowers planners, and makes daily life more comfortable in one of the world\u2019s most climate-challenged urban regions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bf0b94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3bf0b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-323cc06 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"323cc06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Download the article:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21fc305 elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"21fc305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/lsi-lastem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CoolNUS\u2013BEAM-Project-at-the-National-University-of-Singapore.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-download\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M216 0h80c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v168h87.7c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L269.7 378.3c-7.5 7.5-19.8 7.5-27.3 0L90.1 226.1c-12.6-12.6-3.7-34.1 14.1-34.1H192V24c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24zm296 376v112c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V376c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h146.7l49 49c20.1 20.1 52.5 20.1 72.6 0l49-49H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24zm-124 88c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20zm64 0c0-11-9-20-20-20s-20 9-20 20 9 20 20 20 20-9 20-20z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">CoolNUS\u2013BEAM Project at the National University of Singapore<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9da839d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9da839d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a62937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a62937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e9a9b6 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e9a9b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8990ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"d8990ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is it not sufficient to consider a university campus as a single climatic area? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2270\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-672ae26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"672ae26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb352f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb352f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Because thermal conditions vary depending on the presence of trees, the layout of buildings, surface materials, solar exposure and ventilation. The project therefore makes it possible to identify areas with different needs and to implement targeted measures in each part of the campus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is the advantage of combining fixed stations and mobile measurements? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2271\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bba4f9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bba4f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52f9d35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52f9d35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fixed stations make it possible to monitor microclimate trends over the long term, while mobile measurements provide a more detailed analysis of conditions along pedestrian routes. Combining the two approaches provides a more complete picture of the environmental conditions and people\u2019s actual experience.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2272\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2272\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is vertical profiling important when studying urban heat? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2272\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f852c24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f852c24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6459c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6459c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Temperature and humidity conditions vary not only from one location to another, but also with height. Meteorological towers make it possible to observe these vertical gradients and better understand how heat is distributed between the ground, vegetation and buildings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2273\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2273\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is a digital twin more useful than simply collecting meteorological data? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2273\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b678de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0b678de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386ae4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386ae4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Because it does not merely store measurements, but also makes it possible to visualise and interpret them and use them to compare different scenarios. It therefore becomes a valuable tool for planning, research and the assessment of interventions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2274\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2274\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can the project contribute to people\u2019s well-being? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2274\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-168e0f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"168e0f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29edf38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29edf38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The future integration of sensors designed to assess thermal comfort will make it possible to convert environmental data into indicators related to how people perceive heat. This will support the design of more comfortable outdoor spaces and help identify the most critical areas with greater precision.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why is it not sufficient to consider a university campus as a single climatic area?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because thermal conditions vary depending on the presence of trees, the layout of buildings, surface materials, solar exposure and ventilation. 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